"This article aims to discuss the social factors associated with brucellosis and African swine fever (ASF) in Sri Lanka and Madagascar, respectively. In 2016, cross-sectional surveys were conducted in both countries. On the basis of the results of these surveys, we describe how brucellosis is more prevalent in certain ethnicities than others in Sri Lanka. Furthermore, in Madagascar, fihavanana, a social norm, encourages farmers to buy ASF-contaminated meat, resulting in ASF spread during outbreaks."
https://juniperpublishers.com/jdvs/pdf/JDVS.MS.ID.555555.pdf
"African Swine Fever Virus has devastated more than the half of the domestic pig population in Madagascar since its introduction, probably in 1997-1998. One of the hypotheses to explain its persistence on the island is its establishment in local Ornithodoros soft ticks, whose presence has been reported in the past from the north-western coast to the Central Highlands. The aim of the present study was to verify such hypothesis by conducting tick examinations in three distinct zones of pig production in Madagascar where African Swine Fever outbreaks have been regularly reported over the past decade and then to improve our knowledge on the tick distribution and taxonomy."
African swine fever is endemic in most of sub-Saharan Africa including the island of Madagascar. Outbreaks have been reported periodically outside Africa. The virus was eventually eradicated in most cases, although it remains endemic on the island of Sardinia (Italy) in the Mediterranean. In 2007, ASFV was introduced into the Caucasus region of Eurasia, via the Republic of Georgia, and it has spread to domesticated pigs and/or wild boars in a number of countries in this region. As of 2015, infections had been reported as far west as Lithuania, Latvia and Poland. Viruses that apparently originated from this outbreak have also been found in wild boar in the Middle East (Iran).
http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/african_swine_fever.pdf
Black Death plague escalates as DOCTORS struck down by lethal disease sweeping Madagascar
https://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/latest-news/660252/black-death-plague-doctors-madagascar-latest-news-update-disease
